@article{ref1,
title="Co-Offending and Criminal Careers",
journal="Crime and justice",
year="1988",
author="Reiss, A. J. Jr",
volume="10",
number="",
pages="117-170",
abstract="Understanding co-offending is central to understanding the etiology of crime and the effects of intervention strategies. The ratio of individual to co-offenders varies among crimes. Solo offending criminal careers are less common than those of exclusively co-offending but the typical criminal career is a mix of offenses committed alone and with others. Co-offending is more characteristic of juvenile than of adult criminality. Distinctions must be made between gangs, groups, and networks. Most delinquent groups are unstable. Desistance from co-offending results from transience, from the maturing of group members, and from the effects of interventions. Accomplice relationships are short lived, and active co-offenders thus tend to have many accomplices. Individuals who are both high-rate offenders and active recruiters to delinquent groups and to specific crimes may play an especially important role in co-offending and offer a potentially important target for intervention efforts. An increased understanding of co-offending, recruitment, and desistance and the implications of these for crime control policies can be gained from prospective longitudinal cohort studies that will include the experience of co-offenders of cohort members.   <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0192-3234",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}