@article{ref1,
title="Neurobiological mechanisms of ketamine: Depression, suicide, trauma, and chronic stress pathologies",
journal="Psychiatric Annals",
year="2020",
author="Averill, L.A. and Averill, C.L. and Abdallah, C.G.",
volume="50",
number="2",
pages="48-53",
abstract="The serendipitous discovery of ketamine's robust antidepressant effects has served as a major catalyst to usher in new era of drug development and a paradigm shift in our understanding of the neurobiology of chronic stress pathology (CSP). This review provides a selective synthesis of (1) the historical foundations of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor modulators and the path to discovering ketamine's use in psychiatry; (2) ketamine's clinical efficacy, specifically its rapid-acting antidepressant and rapid-acting antisuicidal effects; (3) a model of synaptic loss and dysconnectivity thought to underlie CSP; (4) clinically relevant biomarkers and mechanisms of action; and (5) how ketamine may be both an effective treatment to reverse and normalize CSP as well as a tool to further our understanding of depression, trauma, suicidality, and CSP. We conclude with a brief discussion of outstanding questions and the continued struggle between optimism and concern regarding ketamine's widespread utility as a pharmacologic agent. © SLACK Incorporated.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0048-5713",
doi="10.3928/00485713-20200109-02",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20200109-02"
}