@article{ref1,
title="The over-under on the misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder: A systematic review",
journal="Current psychiatry reviews",
year="2015",
author="Rakofsky, J.J. and Dunlop, B.W.",
volume="11",
number="4",
pages="222-234",
abstract="The misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder is widely prevalent as evidenced by patient surveys, administrative claims data and studies measuring clinicians' diagnostic accuracy. The consequences of a missed or incorrect bipolar disorder diagnosis can have serious short and long-term repercussions for a patient. In this review, a systematic analysis was conducted of over-diagnosis and under-diagnosis rates calculated from all adult bipolar studies comparing patient reported diagnoses with diagnoses resulting from DSM-IV based structured assessments/checklists. Five of the 368 publications were selected using OVID medline and demonstrated under-diagnosis rates of 30-51% and over-diagnosis rates of 12-13%. These results contrast with earlier publications suggesting over-diagnosis of bipolar disorder occurred more frequently than under-diagnosis. An in-depth discussion of the various mechanisms contributing to the over and under-diagnosis of bipolar disorder are provided. These include limitations in the design of structured research interviews, racial bias, and patients' memory impairment, to name a few. In this manuscript the authors also provide recommendations to improve the diagnosis of bipolar disorder and discuss the implications of bipolar spectrum research on the diagnostic process. © 2015 Bentham Science Publishers.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1573-4005",
doi="10.2174/1573400512666151117211523",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573400512666151117211523"
}