@article{ref1,
title="C-spine injury associated with gunshot wounds to the head: retrospective study and literature review",
journal="Journal of trauma",
year="2000",
author="Pierre, J. and Leak, L. and Gupta, Rangan and Lanoix, R.",
volume="49",
number="5",
pages="860-863",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of C-spine injury (CSI) associated with gunshot wounds (GSWs) to the head. METHODS: A retrospective chart review including patients with GSWs to the head and excluding those with penetrating facial/neck trauma was performed. Cervical clearance was by clinical/radiologic criteria in survivors, and autopsy in nonsurvivors. A MEDLINE literature search was performed and relevant articles reviewed. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-four charts were available for review; 90 had C-spine radiographs (complete series [49], lateral [33], and computed tomographic scan [8]). Of 84 with no radiographs, 29 were clinically cleared, and 55 died (32 cleared at autopsy). Twenty-three died without evaluation. None of the remaining 151 (87%) had CSI. Literature search yielded only three relevant articles. Combining the data from these articles yielded 534 patients, and CSI was excluded in 507 (95%). CONCLUSION: C-spine immobilization and diagnostic radiography are probably not necessary in patients with isolated GSWs to the head and may complicate and delay emergency airway management.",
language="",
issn="0022-5282",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}