@article{ref1,
title="Dissociative experiences differentiate bipolar-II from unipolar depressed patients: The mediating role of cyclothymia and the type A behaviour speed and impatience subscale",
journal="Psiquiatría biológica (Barcelona, Spain)",
year="2008",
author="Oedegaard, K.J. and Neckelmann, D. and Benazzi, F. and Syrstad, V.E.G. and Akiskal, H.S. and Fasmer, O.B.",
volume="15",
number="6",
pages="202-213",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Dissociative symptoms are often seen in patients with mood disorders, but there is little information on possible association with subgroups and temperamental features of these disorders. <br><br>METHOD: The Dissociative Experience Scale was administered to 85 patients with a DSM-IV Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) or Bipolar-II Disorder (BP-II). Both broad-spectrum dissociation (DES total score) and clearly pathological forms of dissociation (DES-Taxon) were assessed. Temperament was assessed using Akiskal and Mallya's criteria of Affective Temperaments and the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS) for Type A Behaviour. <br><br>RESULTS: Sixty-five patients gave valid answers to DES. The mean DES and DES-T scores were higher in BP-II (16.8 and 12.7 respectively) compared to MDD (9.0 and 5.7); DES odds ratio (OR) = 1.58 (95% CI, 1.15-2.18) and DES-T OR = 1.60 (95% CI, 1.14-2.25) using univariate logistic regression analyses. There was no significant difference in DES score in patients with (n = 30) and without an affective temperament (n = 35): mean (95% CI), 13.5 vs. 10.5 (-7.8 to 1.9), p = 0.224. However the subgroup with a cyclothymic temperament (n = 18) had higher DES scores: mean (95% CI): 17.8 vs. 9.7 (2.9-13.3), p = 0.003, compared to patients without such a temperament. There was no significant difference in DES scores for patients with (n = 35) or without (n = 28) a Type A behaviour pattern (JAS > 0): mean (95% CI) 12. 7 vs. 10.9 (-6.8 to 3.3), p = 0.491, but a positive JAS factor S score (speed and impatience subscale) was associated with significantly higher DES scores than a negative S-score: mean (95% CI) 14.9 vs. 9 (1.1-10.7), p = 0.017), and this was still significant (p = 0.005) using multiple linear regression of DES scores vs. the JAS subscale scores. DES-T scores were significantly higher in patients with OCD (n = 9): mean (95% CI) 18.4 vs. 6.6 (6-17.7), p < 0.001; eating disorder (n = 13): 14 vs. 6.8 (1.8-12.6), p = 0.009, psychotic symptoms during depressions (n = 9): 16.6 vs. 6.9 (3.7-15.8), p = 0.002, and in those with a history of suicide attempt (n = 28): 11.9 vs. 5.4 (2.2-10.8, p = 0.003, but only OCD was an independent predictor after multiple linear regression of DES-T scores vs. all co-morbid disorders (p = 0.043). Limitations: The major limitation of the present study is a non-blind evaluation of affective diagnosis and temperaments, and assessment in a non-remission clinical status. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Dissociative symptoms measured with the Dissociative Experience Scale are associated with bipolar features, using formal DSM-IV criteria, cyclothymic temperament and the speed and impatience subscale of the JAS.<p /><p>Language: es</p>",
language="es",
issn="1134-5934",
doi="10.1016/s1134-5934(08)76493-5",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1134-5934(08)76493-5"
}