@article{ref1,
title="Optimal Design of Train Structures for Crashworthiness Using a Multiload Approach",
journal="International journal of crashworthiness",
year="2002",
author="Dias, JP and Pereira, Milca Severino",
volume="7",
number="3",
pages="331-344",
abstract="This paper presents a design methodology as applied to crashworthiness design of train structures. A rigid-flexible multibody dynamics formulation is presented and the concept of plastic hinge is used to describe the large plastic deformations of the structure. A multiload simulation is made in which it is desired to reduce the acceleration levels for an impact velocity of 30 km/h. As one of the design constraints, the structure must not deform at a low speed collision of 5 km/h in order to avoid plastic deformations due to service loads. The sizes of the beam sections are considered as design variables. In order to improve the efficiency of the design procedure, analytic sensitivities obtained by the direct differentiation method are used.   <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1358-8265",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}