@article{ref1,
title=""There is no place for us to go but up": New religious movements and violence",
journal="Social compass",
year="2002",
author="Introvigne, M.",
volume="49",
number="2",
pages="213-224",
abstract="While the &quot;cult wars&quot; of the 1970s-1980s largely ended in the USA with the Fishman decision (1990), between 1994 and 2000 mass suicides and homicides perpetrated respectively by the Solar Temple, Aum Shinri-kyo, Heaven's Gate and the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God revived anti-cult feelings which eventually led to administrative and legislative action in several European countries. The author criticizes two anti-cult explanations of the incidents, one based on brainwashing and the other on psychopathology and fraud, and suggests that scholars of new religious movements and critics of &quot;cults&quot; may both learn from these cases and start a fruitful dialogue by revisiting the original literature on thought reform and the works of Robert Jay Lifton and Edgar H. Schein. Ultimately, and without denying that &quot;cults&quot; may carry out illegal activities other than those involving the actual loss of human lives, as far as &quot;critical incidents&quot; are concerned content-neutral models of persuasions and influence should be supplemented by an examination of which ideologies may be more conductive to suicide and violence.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0037-7686",
doi="10.1177/0037768602049002006",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037768602049002006"
}