@article{ref1,
title="The effect of the Brexit vote on the variation in race and religious hate crimes in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland",
journal="British journal of criminology",
year="2023",
author="Williams, M. L. and Sutherland, A. and Roy-Chowdhury, V. and Loke, T. and Cullen, A. and Sloan, L. and Burnap, P. and Giannasi, P.",
volume="63",
number="4",
pages="1003-1023",
abstract="This paper examines possible mechanisms behind the spike in racially or religiously-aggravated (RR) offences after the Brexit vote. It adds to the current literature in five significant ways: (1) it provides the first Brexit-related RR hate crime comparison between England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland; (2) it reports on results from a national-level panel model that adds to the debate in the literature on whether pro-leave or pro-remain areas saw greater increases hate crimes; (3) it assesses the role of demographic characterises on the variation in hate crime; (4) it compares the effect of the vote with other 'trigger events'; and (5) it uses social media data to control for variation in hate crime victim and witness reporting.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0007-0955",
doi="10.1093/bjc/azac071",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azac071"
}