@article{ref1,
title="Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Frostbite: 2024 update",
journal="Wilderness and environmental medicine",
year="2024",
author="McIntosh, Scott E. and Freer, Luanne and Grissom, Colin K. and Rodway, George W. and Giesbrecht, Gordon G. and McDevitt, Marion and Imray, Christopher H. and Johnson, Eric L. and Pandey, Prativa and Dow, Jennifer and Hackett, Peter H.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="The Wilderness Medical Society convened an expert panel to develop a set of evidence-based guidelines for the prevention and treatment of frostbite. We present a review of pertinent pathophysiology. We then discuss primary and secondary prevention measures and therapeutic management. Recommendations are made regarding each treatment and its role in management. These recommendations are graded on the basis of the quality of supporting evidence and balance between the benefits and risks or burdens for each modality according to methodology stipulated by the American College of Chest Physicians. This is an updated version of the guidelines published in 2019.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1080-6032",
doi="10.1177/10806032231222359",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10806032231222359"
}