@article{ref1,
title="Prevalence of and factors contributing to violent discipline in families and its association with violent discipline by teachers and peer violence",
journal="Child abuse review",
year="2023",
author="Masath, Faustine Bwire and Nkuba, Mabula and Hecker, Tobias",
volume="32",
number="4",
pages="e2799-e2799",
abstract="Using a multi-informant approach, we assessed 914 children (mean age = 12.58 years, standard deviation [SD] = 1.43) and 893 caregivers (98.3 per cent female, mean age = 40.07 years, SD = 11.46) in Tanzania. <br><br>RESULTS showed that 93.3 per cent (n = 828/893) of caregivers reported using violent discipline, while 91.0 per cent (n = 832/914) of the children experienced it in their families. Further, 95.0 per cent (n = 868/914) and 93.7 per cent (n = 853/914) of students experienced violent discipline by teachers and peer violence at school, respectively. In a multilevel path model, children's mental health problems (standardised regression coefficient [β] = 0.192 [CI: 0.130, 0.255], p < 0.001) were associated with their experience of violent discipline in families. Caregivers' own childhood experience of violent discipline (",
language="en",
issn="0952-9136",
doi="10.1002/car.2799",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/car.2799"
}