@article{ref1,
title="Risky decision-making in major depressive disorder: a three-level meta-analysis",
journal="International journal of clinical and health psychology",
year="2024",
author="Lu, Jiaqi and Zhao, Xu and Wei, Xuxuan and He, Guibing",
volume="24",
number="1",
pages="e100417-e100417",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) are usually observed making inappropriate risky decisions. However, whether and to what extent MDD is associated with impairments in risky decision-making remains unclear. We performed a three-level meta-analysis to explore the relationship between risky decision-making and MDD. <br><br>METHOD: We searched the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO databases up to February 7, 2023, and calculated Hedges' g to demonstrate the difference in risky decision-making between MDD patients and healthy controls (HCs). The moderating effect of sample and task characteristics were also revealed. <br><br>RESULTS: Across 73 effect sizes in 39 cross-sectional studies, MDD patients exhibited greater risk-seeking than HCs (Hedges' g = 0.187, p = .030). Furthermore, age (p = .068), region (p = .005), and task type (p < .001) were found to have moderating effects. Specifically, patients preferred risk-seeking over HCs as age increased. European patients showed significantly increased risk-seeking compared to American and Asian patients. Patients in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) exhibited a notable rise in risk-seeking compared to other tasks, along with an increased risk aversion in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). The multiple-moderator analysis showed that only task type had significant effects, which may be explained by a tentative framework of &quot;operationalization-mechanism-measure&quot; specificity. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: MDD patients generally exhibit higher risk-seeking than HCs. It implies that impaired risky decision-making might be a noteworthy symptom of depression, which should be placed more emphasis for clinical management and psycho-education.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1697-2600",
doi="10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100417",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100417"
}