@article{ref1,
title="Examining the role of interpersonal violence in racial disparities in breastfeeding in North Dakota (ND PRAMS 2017-2019)",
journal="International journal of environmental research and public health",
year="2023",
author="Kanichy Makah, MichaeLynn and Schmidt, Lexie and Anderson, RaeAnn and Njau, Grace and Stiffarm Aaniiih, Amy and Schmidt, Matthew and Stepanov, Anastasia and Williams, Andrew",
volume="20",
number="8",
pages="-",
abstract="BACKGROUND: The 2019 overall breastfeeding initiation rate in the US was 84.1%, yet only 76.6% of American Indian (AI) women initiated breastfeeding. In North Dakota (ND), AI women have greater exposure to interpersonal violence than other racial/ethnic groups. Stress associated with interpersonal violence may interfere with processes important to breastfeeding. We explored whether interpersonal violence partially explains racial/ethnic disparities in breastfeeding in ND. <br><br>METHODS: Data for 2161 women were drawn from the 2017-2019 ND Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Breastfeeding questions in PRAMS have been tested among diverse populations. Breastfeeding initiation was self-report to &quot;Did you ever breastfeed or pump breast milk to feed your new baby, even for a short period?&quot; (yes/no). Breastfeeding duration (2 months; 6 months) was self-reported how many weeks or months of breastmilk feeding. Interpersonal violence for both 12 months before and during pregnancy based on self-report (yes/no) of violence from a husband/partner, family member, someone else, or ex-husband/partner. An &quot;Any violence&quot; variable was created if participants reported &quot;yes&quot; to any violence. Logistic regression models estimated crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for breastfeeding outcomes among AI and Other Race women compared to White women. Sequential models were adjusted for interpersonal violence (husband/partner, family member, someone else, ex-husband/partner, or any). <br><br>RESULTS: AI women had 45% reduced odds of initiating breastfeeding (OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.36, 0.82) compared to white women. Including interpersonal violence during pregnancy did not change results. Similar patterns were observed for all breastfeeding outcomes and all interpersonal violence exposures. <br><br>DISCUSSION: Interpersonal violence does not explain the disparity in breastfeeding in ND. Considering cultural ties to the tradition of breastfeeding and the role of colonization may provide a better understanding of breastfeeding among AI populations.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1661-7827",
doi="10.3390/ijerph20085445",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085445"
}