@article{ref1,
title="The relative influence of spectator dysfunctional behavior on spectator enjoyment in Major League Baseball",
journal="International journal of sports marketing and sponsorship",
year="2021",
author="Pedersen, Zack P. and Kim, Kyungyeol (Anthony) and Byon, Kevin K. and Williams, Antonio S.",
volume="23",
number="1",
pages="93-109",
abstract="PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to evaluate the perceived enjoyment that is derived from spectators observing other spectators' dysfunctional behavior during a game. <br><br>DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Using four forms (i.e. fighting, verbal assault, disrupting play and throwing missiles) of spectators dysfunctional behavior (SDB), two experiments (N = 252 for Study 1 and N = 92 for Study 2) were conducted in which video clips corresponding to the four types of SDB were used as experimental stimuli. <br><br>FINDINGS The findings indicate that participants enjoyed viewing spectators running onto the field of play significantly more than the other forms of SDB (i.e. fighting, verbal assaults and throwing missiles). The results also show no significant difference between how much spectators enjoyed the actions of fighting, verbal assault and throwing missiles. <br><br>ORIGINALITY/VALUE The novelty of this study include the usage of a multidimensional approach to the concept of SDB and testing for a positive outcome pertaining to SDB that has largely, if not fully, been examined using negative inputs and outputs.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1464-6668",
doi="10.1108/IJSMS-07-2020-0126",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-07-2020-0126"
}