@article{ref1,
title="The physiological response to immersion in cold water and cooling rates during swimming in a group of children aged 10-11 years",
journal="International journal of aquatic research and education",
year="2015",
author="Bird, F. and House, J.R. and Tipton, Michael J.",
volume="9",
number="2",
pages="162-174",
abstract="Swimming is a popular activity in the United Kingdom (UK); however, cold water immersion often found in open waters in the UK is not without increased risk. Drowning is among the leading cause of accidental death in 1-14-year-olds in most countries. We examined whether children and adults exhibit similar cold shock responses; rates of cooling while swimming; and subjective recognition of cooling. Nineteen children aged 10-11 years voluntarily undertook a 5 min static immersion in 15 °C (59 °F) water. Ten of them completed a swim of up to 40 min. Resting heart rate, respiratory frequency, and inspiratory volume increased in all participants on initial immersion. The mean (± SD) cooling rate while swimming was 2.5 °C hr-1 (± 3.1°). No significant correlation was found between cooling rate and thermal sensation or comfort, implying a lack of subjective awareness in children. On comparing data from unacclimatized adults in 12 °C (53.6 °F) water, children showed a smaller cold shock response (p ≤.05), and no difference was found in cooling rates during swimming. © 2015 Human Kinetics, Inc.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1932-9997",
doi="10.1123/ijare.2014-0080",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijare.2014-0080"
}