@article{ref1,
title="Which transport policies increase physical activity of the whole of society? A systematic review",
journal="Journal of transport and health",
year="2022",
author="Żukowska, Joanna and Gobis, Anna and Krajewski, Piotr and Morawiak, Agnieszka and Okraszewska, Romanika and Woods, Catherine B. and Volf, Kevin and Kelly, Liam and Gelius, Peter and Messing, Sven and Forberger, Sarah and Lakerveld, Jeroen and Braver, Nicole den and Bengoechea, Enrique García",
volume="27",
number="",
pages="e101488-e101488",
abstract="PURPOSE There is strong evidence of the links between car-dependence and the physical inactivity pandemic. Physical inactivity accounts for 6-10% of major non-communicable diseases. Research consistently shows that unlike passive transport, active transport is associated with higher total daily physical activity (PA). While there are public policies that support PA in transport and, as a result, overall PA levels, the specific quantitative effect of such policies on PA behaviour has not been sufficiently investigated. The aim of this systematic review is to determine the level and type of evidence for policies in the area of transport that contribute to higher PA levels of the whole of society.  Methods Six databases (MEDLINE (Ebsco), SportDiscus, Cinahl, Cochrane library, Web of Science, and Scopus) were searched for key concepts of policy, transport, evaluation and PA. <br><br>METHODological quality was assessed using standardized tools. The strength of the evidence of policy impact was described based on pre-determined categories of positive, negative, inconclusive or untested.  Results 17 of 2549 studies were included in the data synthesis. The authors identified three main transport policy areas with 51 individual policy actions that had a direct or indirect effect on PA. These were: convenient transport infrastructure development, active travel promotion, and shift of transport mode. More than half of the policy actions identified had a positive effect on PA. Study quality ratings were moderate to good.  Conclusions PA levels can be increased by implementing policies that provide convenient, safe, and connected walking and cycling infrastructures, promote active travel and give strong support to public transport. There is also clear evidence that active travel policies work best when implemented in a comprehensive way. This may include infrastructure and facility improvements as well as educational programmes to achieve substantial shifts towards active modes of travel.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2214-1405",
doi="10.1016/j.jth.2022.101488",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2022.101488"
}