@article{ref1,
title="Challenging behaviour and its risk factors in children and young people in a special school setting: a four wave longitudinal study",
journal="Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities",
year="2022",
author="Nicholls, Gemma and Bailey, Tom and Grindle, Corinna F. and Hastings, Richard P.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Longitudinal research is needed to strengthen evidence for risk factors for challenging behaviour in children with intellectual disabilities and to understand patterns of change over time. <br><br>METHODS: Data on challenging behaviour were collected for 225 students in one school over four annual time points and a range of potential risk correlates. Data were analysed using Generalised Estimating Equations. <br><br>RESULTS: Prevalence of challenging behaviour, aggression and self-injury did not vary significantly over time. Stereotyped behaviours increased over the 4-year period. Challenging behaviour was associated with lower levels of adaptive skills and autism. Stereotyped behaviour increased with age. Self-injurious behaviour was less likely to be shown in children with profound intellectual disabilities over time. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These findings are consistent with previous research in terms of potential risk factors identified. Implications for schools include proactive interventions for children with intellectual disabilities at high risk; especially those with autism and poorer adaptive skills.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1360-2322",
doi="10.1111/jar.13066",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jar.13066"
}