@article{ref1,
title="Masking in murder: an exploratory study into the act of covering the victim's face in UK homicide",
journal="Journal of investigative psychology and offender profiling",
year="2022",
author="Rainbow, Lee and Benson, Caitlin and Almond, Louise and Tandy, Alicia and McManus, Michelle",
volume="19",
number="1",
pages="20-32",
abstract="Previous literature suggests that covering of a homicide victim's face by an offender indicates a pre-existing relationship. Operational definitions discriminate between three forms of victim covering (i) Masking (ii) Cloaking and (iii) Concealment. 126 UK homicide cases were examined to explore whether any evidence-based investigative inferences could be supported in cases of victim covering viewed through an instrumental/expressive framework. No statistically significant differences were found between face covering behaviour and the relationship between victim and offender, previous convictions, and offender age, although there was a high frequency of elderly female victims of masking. The findings are discussed in relation to offender-profiling.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1544-4759",
doi="10.1002/jip.1582",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jip.1582"
}