@article{ref1,
title="EXPO-12: Development and validation of the Exposure to Violent Extremism Scale",
journal="Psychology of violence",
year="2022",
author="Clemmow, Caitlin and Rottweiler, Bettina and Gill, Paul",
volume="12",
number="5",
pages="333-346",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: This study details the development and validation of the 12-item Exposure to Violent Extremism Scale (EXPO-12). We aimed to undertake a transparent and robust process of scale development to present a tool to facilitate research on the relationship between exposure and violent extremism. <br><br>METHOD: First, we generated an initial item pool and evaluated items via expert feedback (n = 6) and a task designed to assess item comprehension (n = 13; Study 1). Second, we explored the underlying factor structure with exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and evaluated item characteristics with item response theory (IRT) in a representative sample of the U.K. population (n = 1, 509; Study 2). Finally, we sought to replicate the factor structure proposed by Study 2 via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and examined convergent validity with a related construct, violent extremist intentions (n = 1, 475; Study 3). <br><br>RESULTS: Study 1 resulted in a preliminary pool of 40 items. Study 2 used EFA to establish a four-factor structure consisting of 21 items. IRT further reduced the item pool by evaluating differential item functioning, discrimination, and location parameters, resulting in EXPO-12. Study 3 replicated the factor structure proposed in Study 2 via CFA. EXPO-12 demonstrated good convergent validity with violent extremist intentions. <br><br>CONCLUSION: EXPO-12 is presented as a preliminarily validated measure of the concept, alongside its limitations. The scale's main implication is as a tool to facilitate research to unpack the complexity and nuances of the relationship between exposure and violent extremism. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2152-0828",
doi="10.1037/vio0000430",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/vio0000430"
}