@article{ref1,
title="The effect of differences in objective and subjective definitions of childhood physical abuse on estimates of its incidence and relationship to psychopathology",
journal="Child abuse and neglect",
year="1994",
author="Carlin, A. S. and Kemper, Kathi J. and Ward, N. G. and Sowell, H. and Gustafson, B. and Stevens, N.",
volume="18",
number="5",
pages="393-399",
abstract="The relationship between objective and subjective definitions of physical abuse and the lifetime prevalence of depression was examined in 280 women attending a family medicine clinic at a large medical center. Based on their responses to a detailed questionnaire regarding discipline and abuse in childhood, 28.2% of these women were objectively defined as abused. Only 11.4% subjectively defined themselves as abused. The proportion of women who experienced depression during their lifetime was highest among those who defined themselves as abused (83%), intermediate among those who met objective criteria for having been physically abused, but did not define themselves as such (56%), and lowest among those who did not meet objective criteria for a history of physical abuse (35%). Similar relationships were found for history of psychotherapy, receipt of psychoactive medication, history of hospitalization for depression, suicide attempts and self-injury.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0145-2134",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}