@article{ref1,
title="Patterns of school victimization and problem behaviors: longitudinal associations with socioeconomic well-being and criminal justice involvement",
journal="Child and youth care forum",
year="2022",
author="Heath, Ryan D. and Tan, Kevin and Guzzy, Jennifer S. and Henry, Briyana",
volume="51",
number="2",
pages="439-461",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Middle school victimization and problem behaviors often co-occur, but little is known about patterns of co-occurrence, or how long effects persist into adulthood. <br><br>OBJECTIVE: Drawing on general strain theory, this study aimed to identify sex-specific profiles of victimization and problem behaviors during middle school, and their association with socioeconomic, violence, and criminal justice outcomes in young adulthood. <br><br>METHOD: Latent class analyses was conducted on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth--1997, including subsamples of seventh grade females (n = 529) and males (n = 494). <br><br>RESULTS: Two classes were identified for females: (1) low-risk and (2) high-risk; these classes were associated with outcomes in the hypothesized directions. For males, however, there were three groups: (1) low-risk, which reported low rates of victimization and problem behaviors; (2) victimized, with high victimization but low rates of problem behaviors; and (3) high-risk, with high rates of both victimization and problem behaviors. Interestingly, victimized males had socioeconomic and criminal justice outcomes similar to low-risk males, but rates of assault comparable to high-risk males. For example, victimized males were five times more likely to obtain a college degree than high-risk males (27.1% versus 4.6%) and three times less likely to live in poverty (9.5% versus 25.9%), but only slightly less likely to commit assault (41.7% versus 59.8%). However, there was alarming over-representation of Black youth in the high-risk groups. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Findings emphasize the urgency with which schools and community agencies need to address victimization and problem behaviors among adolescents, but simultaneously target structural racism.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1053-1890",
doi="10.1007/s10566-021-09633-1",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10566-021-09633-1"
}