@article{ref1,
title="The stability of self-reported professional football concussion history among former players: a longitudinal NFL-LONG study",
journal="Brain injury",
year="2022",
author="Kerr, Zachary Yukio and Chandran, Avinash and Brett, Benjamin L. and Walton, Samuel R. and DeFreese, J. D. and Mannix, Rebekah and Echemendia, Ruben J. and McCrea, Michael A. and Guskiewicz, Kevin M. and Meehan, William P. 3rd",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="OBJECTIVES: To examine the stability of former National Football League (NFL) players' recall of professional football concussion. <br><br>METHODS: Two-hundred-and-nine former NFL players (ceasing football participation before/in 2001) completed surveys in 2001, 2010, and 2019 and reported the number of concussions sustained during their professional careers (0, 1 … 10, >10). Participants were categorized into four 'recall stability' groups, based upon concussion recall [e.g., 'Same' (same number recalled), 'Increased' (more recalled than in prior time point)]. In 2019, participants completed measures of functioning (e.g., PROMIS Cognitive Function, Anxiety, Depression). Fleiss Kappa and generalized linear mixed models (GLMM)-based ordinal measures Kappa assessed stability across time points. 'Recall stability group' functioning scores were compared. <br><br>RESULTS: Overall, 45.9% recalled more concussions over time; 14.8% reported the same number. Fleiss Kappa and GLMM-based ordinal measures Kappa suggested fair (0.22, 95% CI: 0.26, 0.38) and moderate stability (0.41, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.46), respectively. Higher cognitive functioning (P = 0.002), lower anxiety (P = 0.003), and lower depression (P = 0.007) were observed in the 'Same' vs 'Increased' groups. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Despite subtle time-based variations in reporting, professional football concussion history recall was relatively stable. Better cognitive and psychological functioning was associated with greater stability in concussion recall.  Keywords: American football <p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0269-9052",
doi="10.1080/02699052.2022.2109739",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2022.2109739"
}