@article{ref1,
title="Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences and their relationship with self-esteem among school-age children in Jordan",
journal="Child psychiatry and human development",
year="2022",
author="Shattnawi, Khulood Kayed and Al Ali, Nahla and Ma'abreh, Ya'la Mahmoud",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="This study aimed to assess the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences and their relationship with self-esteem among secondary school students in Jordan. A cross-sectional, retrospective design was utilized using a convenience sample of 559 secondary school children (grades 7-11). <br><br>RESULTS showed that among the participating students, emotional abuse was the most commonly reported type of abuse (59.6%), followed by household violence (52.2%), bullying (44.7%), physical abuse (31.7%), emotional neglect (26.3), physical neglect (12.7%), and parents' separation (5.2%). Male students reported significantly more physical abuse than female students (37.5% vs 26.2%, p < 0.001), and significantly more physical neglect than female students (18.2% vs 7.6%, p < 0.001). However, female students reported significantly more household violence than male student (60.0% vs 43.9%, p < 0.001). Self-esteem scores were lower for students who reported physical abuse (d = 0.38, p < 0.001), household violence (d = 0.25, p < 0.003), emotional neglect (d = 0.45, p < 0.001), physical neglect (d = 0.58, p < 0.001), and bullying (d = 0.29, p = 0.001). Self-esteem was best predicted by physical abuse (β =  − 0.114, p = 0.009), emotional neglect (β =  − 0.169, p < 0.001), and physical neglect (β =  − 0.148, p < 0.001). Efforts should be exerted to prevent violence against children. National programs and community awareness campaigns should focus on the violence's detrimental effects on children.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0009-398X",
doi="10.1007/s10578-022-01378-9",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10578-022-01378-9"
}