@article{ref1,
title="When do drivers interact with in-vehicle well-being interventions? An exploratory analysis of a longitudinal study on public roads",
journal="Proceedings of the ACM on interactive, mobile, wearable and ubiquitous technologies",
year="2021",
author="Koch, Kevin and Mishra, Varun and Liu, Shu and Berger, Thomas and Fleisch, Elgar and Kotz, David and Wortmann, Felix",
volume="5",
number="1",
pages="-",
abstract="Recent developments of novel in-vehicle interventions show the potential to transform the otherwise routine and mundane task of commuting into opportunities to improve the drivers' health and well-being. Prior research has explored the effectiveness of various in-vehicle interventions and has identified moments in which drivers could be interruptible to interventions. All the previous studies, however, were conducted in either simulated or constrained real-world driving scenarios on a pre-determined route. In this paper, we take a step forward and evaluate when drivers interact with in-vehicle interventions in unconstrained free-living conditions. To this end, we conducted a two-month longitudinal study with 10 participants, in which each participant was provided with a study car for their daily driving needs. We delivered two in-vehicle interventions - each aimed at improving affective well-being - and simultaneously recorded the participants' driving behavior. In our analysis, we found that several pre-trip characteristics (like trip length, traffic flow, and vehicle occupancy) and the pre-trip affective state of the participants had significant associations with whether the participants started an intervention or canceled a started intervention. Next, we found that several in-the-moment driving characteristics (like current road type, past average speed, and future brake behavior) showed significant associations with drivers' responsiveness to the intervention. Further, we identified several driving behaviors that &quot;negated&quot; the effectiveness of interventions and highlight the potential of using such &quot;negative&quot; driving characteristics to better inform intervention delivery. Finally, we compared trips with and without intervention and found that both interventions employed in our study did not have a negative effect on driving behavior. Based on our analyses, we provide solid recommendations on how to deliver interventions to maximize responsiveness and effectiveness and minimize the burden on the drivers.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2474-9567",
doi="10.1145/3448116",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3448116"
}