@article{ref1,
title="Risk of self-harm or suicide associated with specific drug use disorders, 2004-2016: a population-based cohort study",
journal="Addiction",
year="2022",
author="Chai, Yi and Luo, Hao and Wei, Yue and Chan, Sherry K. W. and Man, Kenneth K. C. and Yip, Paul S. F. and Wong, Ian C. K. and Chan, Esther W.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Drug use disorders are associated with increased risk of self-harm. Risk differences associated with specific types of drug use disorders are yet to be comprehensively reported. This study aimed to examine the risk of self-harm or suicide associated with different drug use disorders in Hong Kong. <br><br>DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. SETTING: The Clinical Data Analysis & Reporting System (CDARS) managed by the Hong Kong Hospital Authority. PARTICIPANTS: Cases were people aged 10 years or older who visited a hospital Accident & Emergency department between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2016 with any of ten specific drug use disorders (comprising opioid; ketamine; methamphetamine; sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic; amphetamine or related stimulant; cocaine; cannabis; hallucinogen; unspecified or other drug; and polydrug). Each case was matched with two controls, selected from a subset of people in CDARS sharing the same gender, age, and psychiatric profile. A total of 8,270 cases and 16,540 matched controls were included. MEASUREMENTS: Incidence and adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of subsequent self-harm or suicide for each specific drug use disorder were estimated. <br><br>FINDINGS: The most prevalent drug use disorder was opioid use disorder (2,523; 30.51%) and the least prevalent was hallucinogen use disorder (77; 0.93%). The crude incidence of self-harm or suicide ranged from 26.57 (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.23-44.55) per 1000 person-years for cannabis use disorder to 91.97 (77.32-108.37) for polydrug use disorder. The highest risk of self-harm or suicide was observed in ketamine (aHR, 16.36; 95% CI, 11.03-24.29) and opioid (15.97; 10.73-23.23) use disorders. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In Hong Kong, all types of drug use disorders appear to be significantly associated with increased risk of self-harm or suicide, but risk levels vary by type of drug use disorder.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0965-2140",
doi="10.1111/add.15820",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.15820"
}