@article{ref1,
title="Outside-in vs. inside-out: Flight problems caused by different flight attitude indicators",
journal="SAFE journal",
year="1999",
author="Pongratz, Hans and Vaic, H and Reinecke, M and Ercoline, William and Cohen, D.",
volume="29",
number="1",
pages="7-11",
abstract="Recently, the German Air Force (GAF) confronted a unique situation. The delivery of East German aircraft, namely MIG-29s, came with attitude displays that were largely unfamiliar. In jet aircraft attitude indicators (AIs) take two basic approaches: 'outside-in' and 'inside-out.' In an outside-in implementation, attitude is displayed by the position of an aircraft symbol with respect to a fixed horizon. Conversely, an inside-out indicator moves the horizon with respect to a fixed aircraft symbol. Whereas, GAF pilots fly with inside-out AIs and head-up displays (HUDs), the delivered MiG-29s displayed pitch inside-out but bank outside-in. This paper summarizes the problems identified by the GAF test-pilots who have flown both displays and provides some recommendations to combat the spatial disorientation that may result from those problems.   <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0191-6319",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}