@article{ref1,
title="The role of parent-to-child maltreatment in the pathway of self-reported depressive symptoms in Pakistani adolescents",
journal="Health psychology open",
year="2021",
author="Lakhdir, Maryam Pyar Ali and Akber Ali, Naureen and Peerwani, Ghazal and Farooq, Salima and Khaliq, Asif and Nathwani, Apsara Ali and Azam, Syed Iqbal",
volume="8",
number="2",
pages="e20551029211065614-e20551029211065614",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Parent-to-child maltreatment has been demonstrated to drastically affect a child's mental well-being and plays a significant role in developing depressive symptoms. However, little is established about the effect of frequency of parent-to-child maltreatment on the development of depressive symptoms among Pakistani adolescents. <br><br>METHODS: A longitudinal prospective study was conducted, from 2015 to 2017, with 800 adolescents aged 11-17 years old recruited from 32 systematically selected urban and peri-urban areas of Karachi. First, these adolescents were screened for parent-to-child maltreatment in 2015 in a cross-sectional survey. Children with diagnosed psychiatric conditions were excluded from the study. In the second phase, these individuals were followed for 2 years to investigate the symptoms of depressive disorder using a validated tool, &quot;CES-D (Center for Epidemiological Studies) Depression scale.&quot; The Cox proportional algorithm was used to examine the relationship between the frequency of parent-to-child maltreatment and depressive symptoms. <br><br>RESULTS: Approximately 11% of frequently, 9% of occasionally parent-to-child, and 7%of negligibly maltreated adolescents reported depressive symptoms over 2 years. The other significant predictors of depressive symptoms were no formal education of the child (RR: 3.15, 95% CI: 1.35-7.34), presence of stressful home environment (RR: 2.19, 95% CI: 1.22-3.94), and having both uneducated parents (RR: 1.70, 95% CI: 0.90-3.21). The frequently maltreated females were found to have 4 times the higher risk compared to rarely maltreated males. In addition, frequently maltreated males were twice likely to develop depressive symptoms. <br><br>CONCLUSION: The results suggested that frequent parent-to-child maltreatment occurring during childhood leads to the development of depressive symptoms later in the adolescence period. Thus, there is a dire need for interventions to raise awareness among the society on the issue of parent-to-child mistreatment to minimize later mental health consequences.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2055-1029",
doi="10.1177/20551029211065614",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20551029211065614"
}