@article{ref1,
title="A wearable microwave instrument can detect and monitor traumatic abdominal injuries in a porcine model",
journal="Scientific reports",
year="2021",
author="Candefjord, Stefan and Nguyen, Linh and Buendia, Ruben and Oropeza-Moe, Marianne and Andersen, Nina Gjerde and Fhager, Andreas and Persson, Mikael and Elam, Mikael and Oveland, Nils Petter",
volume="11",
number="1",
pages="e23220-e23220",
abstract="Abdominal injury is a frequent cause of death for trauma patients, and early recognition is essential to limit fatalities. There is a need for a wearable sensor system for prehospital settings that can detect and monitor bleeding in the abdomen (hemoperitoneum). This study evaluates the potential for microwave technology to fill that gap. A simple prototype of a wearable microwave sensor was constructed using eight antennas. A realistic porcine model of hemoperitoneum was developed using anesthetized pigs. Ten animals were measured at healthy state and at two sizes of bleeding. Statistical tests and a machine learning method were used to evaluate blood detection sensitivity. All subjects presented similar changes due to accumulation of blood, which dampened the microwave signal ([Formula: see text]). The machine learning analysis yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 0.93, showing 100% sensitivity at 90% specificity. Large inter-individual variability of the healthy state signal complicated differentiation of bleedings from healthy state. A wearable microwave instrument has potential for accurate detection and monitoring of hemoperitoneum, with automated analysis making the instrument easy-to-use. Future hardware development is necessary to suppress measurement system variability and enable detection of smaller bleedings.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2045-2322",
doi="10.1038/s41598-021-02008-5",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02008-5"
}