@article{ref1,
title="Adverse childhood experiences predict common neurodevelopmental and behavioral health conditions among U.S. children",
journal="Children (Basel, Switzerland)",
year="2021",
author="Zarei, Kasra and Xu, Guifeng and Zimmerman, Bridget and Giannotti, Michele and Strathearn, Lane",
volume="8",
number="9",
pages="e761-e761",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can have a significant but variable effect on childhood neurodevelopment. The purpose of this study was to quantify and compare the associations between &quot;household challenge&quot; ACEs and common childhood neurodevelopmental and behavioral health conditions, using nationally representative U.S. <br><br>METHOD: This study used data from the 2016-2019 National Survey of Children's Health, a nationwide, population-based, cross-sectional survey. Seven household challenge ACEs (not including child maltreatment) were reported by parents/guardians: parental death, incarceration, divorce/separation, family violence, mental illness, substance abuse, and poverty. Logistic regression with sample weights was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for 15 parent-reported neurodevelopmental and behavioral health conditions, by the number of reported ACEs. A dose-response relationship was examined by applying tests of orthogonal polynomial contrasts to fitted logistic regression models. <br><br>RESULTS: Down syndrome, Tourette syndrome and cerebral palsy were not associated with household challenge ACEs, whereas behavior/conduct problems, depression, and substance abuse were strongly associated, with adjusted ORs ranging from 6.36 (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.53, 7.32) to 9.19 (95% CI 7.79, 10.84). Other neurodevelopmental conditions not traditionally associated with childhood adversity showed moderate yet robust associations with ACEs, including autism (adjusted OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.64, 2.81), learning disability (adjusted OR 3.26, 95% CI 2.80, 3.80), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adjusted OR 3.95, 95% CI 3.44, 4.53). The ORs increased with the number of ACEs, showing significant positive linear trends. <br><br>CONCLUSION: We found significant dose-dependent or cumulative associations between ACEs and multiple neurodevelopmental and behavioral conditions.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2227-9067",
doi="10.3390/children8090761",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8090761"
}