@article{ref1,
title="Wolves make roadways safer, generating large economic returns to predator conservation",
journal="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America",
year="2021",
author="Raynor, Jennifer L. and Grainger, Corbett A. and Parker, Dominic P.",
volume="118",
number="22",
pages="e202325111-e202325111",
abstract="Recent studies uncover cascading ecological effects resulting from removing and reintroducing predators into a landscape, but little is known about effects on human lives and property. We quantify the effects of restoring wolf populations by evaluating their influence on deer-vehicle collisions (DVCs) in Wisconsin. We show that, for the average county, wolf entry reduced DVCs by 24%, yielding an economic benefit that is 63 times greater than the costs of verified wolf predation on livestock. Most of the reduction is due to a behavioral response of deer to wolves rather than through a deer population decline from wolf predation. This finding supports ecological research emphasizing the role of predators in creating a &quot;landscape of fear.&quot; It suggests wolves control economic damages from overabundant deer in ways that human deer hunters cannot.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0027-8424",
doi="10.1073/pnas.2023251118",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023251118"
}