@article{ref1,
title="Masculinities and violence: using latent class analysis to investigate the origins and correlates of differences between men in the cross-sectional UN Multi-country  Study on men and violence in Asia and the Pacific",
journal="Journal of global health",
year="2020",
author="Gibbs, Andrew and Jewkes, Rachel and Jordaan, Esme and Myrttinen, Henri",
volume="10",
number="2",
pages="e020439-e020439",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Multiple masculinities have been explicated through latent class analysis (LCA) in South Africa, and a question arises as to whether men can be  similarly grouped by their behaviour in very different cultural contexts, and  whether an analysis would point to similar origins to men's use of violence against  women. The UN Multi-country Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific's data  set enabled this question to be explored. <br><br>METHODS: In nine sites in six countries,  data were collected from one man (18-49 years) interviewed in each of a random  sample of households. Using LCA, we categorised men based on their probability of  having engaged in 10 acts of violence against women or other illegal or sexually  risky behaviour. We present multinomial logistic regression models of factors  associated with class membership and associated childhood and trauma experiences. <br><br>RESULTS: The LCA model with 5 classes fitted best: the largest class (59.5% of men)  had the lowest probabilities of engagement in the class-defining acts; men in the  second (21.2%) were otherwise law abiding and not sexually risky, but very violent  towards partners; men in the third (7.9%) had the highest probability of engagement  in all violent and illegal behaviour; men in the fourth (7.8%) demonstrated  behaviour at the nexus of sex and power including rape and transacted sex; and men  in the fifth (3.6%), engaged in anti-social behaviour, but were less violent towards  women and sexually risky. Assignment to more violent classes was associated with  poverty, substance abuse and depression, and more gender inequitable attitudes and  practices. Child abuse, neglect and bullying were associated with being in the more  violent classes. Neither men's domestic practices nor their fathers' presence in  their childhood were associated with class. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Closely paralleling the  South African findings, we have highlighted the childhood origins of men's violent  and anti-social behaviour, as well as the interrelationships with men's mental  health, poverty and misogyny, showing that these (intersectional) developmental  processes transcend culture and setting. We need to prevent children's exposure to  violence, and in gender transformative work with men, recognise and address past and  present psychological distress stemming from trauma experience.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2047-2978",
doi="10.7189/jogh.10.020439",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020439"
}