@article{ref1,
title="Evaluating the effect of concussion education programs on intent to report concussion in high school football",
journal="Journal of athletic training",
year="2021",
author="Daneshvar, Daniel H. and Ghajar, Jamshid and Grant, Gerald A. and Goldman, Shelley and Pea, Roy D. and Baugh, Christine M. and Yutsis, Maya and Zafonte, Ross D. and Chen, Christine and Sanders, Lee M. and Sorcar, Piya and Gurrapu, Shravya and Tenekedjieva, Lea-Tereza",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="CONTEXT: Concussion underreporting leads to delays in diagnosis and treatment, prolonging recovery time. Athletes' self-report of concussion symptoms therefore reduces risk.   OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the efficacy of three concussion education programs in improving concussion-reporting intention.   DESIGN: Randomized controlled clinical trial with assessment immediately and one-month after education.   SETTING: Three high schools in California.   PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: 118 male football players were randomly assigned to receive concussion education via: CrashCourse (CC), Centers for Disease Control (CDC) video educational materials (Vi), or CDC written educational materials (Wr).   MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Concussion-reporting intention was assessed at baseline, immediately after education, and at one-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes included concussion knowledge, attitudes, perceived reporting norms, and perceived behavioral control.   RESULTS: Athletes across all educational formats had significant improvement in concussion-reporting intention immediately following education and at one-month follow-up (mean improvement 6.8% and 11.4%, respectively; p<0.001). Similar findings were observed across all education formats in secondary analyses examining knowledge, attitudes, and perceived behavioral control. However, there were significant differences by education and time (p=0.03). On post-hoc analysis, athletes who received CC had increased concussion-reporting intention immediately and at one-month (baseline=4.7, immediate=6.1, one-month=6.0; p=0.007 compared to significant increases only at one-month for CDC-Vi (baseline=4.3, immediate=5.2, one-month=5.8; p=0.001), and no significant improvement for CDC-Wr (p=0.10). Secondary analyses indicated significant differences between CC and both CDC interventions, in concussion knowledge and attitudes, immediately after education and at one-month. There were no significant differences in perceived behavioral control between-interventions or in perceived concussion-reporting norms across or between interventions.   CONCLUSION: All athletes exhibited improved intent to report concussions, increased concussion knowledge, better concussion attitudes, and more perceived behavioral control, both immediately after education and at one-month follow-up. However, athletes randomized to CC reported greater intent to report concussion, more knowledge, and improved concussion-reporting attitudes, when compared to CDC-Vi and CDC-Wr.   TRIAL REGISTRY: ClinicalTrials.gov trial ID number is XXX.  Keywords: American football <p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1062-6050",
doi="10.4085/509-20",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/509-20"
}