@article{ref1,
title="Severe anhedonia among adolescents with bipolar disorder is common and associated with increased psychiatric symptom burden",
journal="Journal of psychiatric research",
year="2020",
author="Hird, Megan A. and Dimick, Mikaela K. and Goldstein, Benjamin I. and Mitchell, Rachel H. B. and Fiksenbaum, Lisa M.",
volume="134",
number="",
pages="200-207",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Anhedonia, a deficit in the ability to experience pleasure, is a cardinal symptom of major depressive episodes. In contrast to adolescent major  depressive disorder, there is limited research examining anhedonia in the context of  depression among adolescents with bipolar disorder (BD). We therefore examined  clinical characteristics of anhedonia in a large sample of adolescents with BD. <br><br>METHODS: Participants were 197 adolescents, aged 13-20 years old, with BD type I, II  or not otherwise specified. Diagnoses were determined using a semi-structured  interview. Anhedonia severity was rated from one to six on the Depression Rating  Scale (DRS). Adolescents were divided into &quot;severe&quot; and &quot;non-severe&quot; anhedonia  groups based on the DRS item scoring. The association of anhedonia with clinical and  demographic variables was evaluated in univariate analyses followed by logistic  regression analyses for variables with p ≤ 0.1. <br><br>RESULTS: Threshold anhedonia was  evident among 90.9% during their most severe depressive episode. Significant factors  associated with severe most severe lifetime anhedonia (&quot;lifetime anhedonia&quot;)  included: female sex, lifetime history of self-injurious behavior, physical abuse,  affective lability, higher lifetime depression severity, comorbid anxiety disorders,  family history of ADHD, and second-generation antipsychotic use. In regression  analyses, severe lifetime anhedonia was independently associated with female sex,  comorbid anxiety disorders, most severe lifetime mania severity, and lifetime  second-generation antipsychotic use. <br><br>CONCLUSION: The vast majority of adolescents  with BD experience anhedonia. More severe anhedonia is associated with indicators of  greater illness severity. Future research is warranted to evaluate the  neurobiological underpinnings of anhedonia among adolescents with BD.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0022-3956",
doi="10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.031",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.031"
}