@article{ref1,
title="What is normal cognition in depression? Prevalence and functional correlates of normative versus idiographic cognitive impairment",
journal="Neuropsychology",
year="2021",
author="Bowie, Christopher R. and Holshausen, Katherine and Milanovic, Melissa and Tran, Tanya",
volume="35",
number="1",
pages="33-41",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: Traditional neuropsychological assessment methods identify a subpopulation of individuals with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) who demonstrate  cognitive functioning below population norms. An even larger proportion of those  with MDD self-report problems with cognition that interfere with daily roles and  responsibilities. We aim to test whether an intraindividual deviation of cognitive  functioning relative to premorbid estimates (idiographic impairment) may better  characterize challenges for functional recovery in MDD. <br><br>METHOD: Adult participants  with MDD (N = 111) who completed a baseline neuropsychological assessment battery  for a cognitive remediation trial were used in analyses. We compared the frequency  of cognitive impairment using the normative and idiographic approaches and examined  how these indexes related to observed functioning, perceived functioning, and  depression severity. <br><br>RESULTS: While only 25% of the sample would be classified as  cognitively impaired on a composite measure according to normative comparison  standards, 62.2% of this group were classified as idiographically impaired using a  conservative cut-off of at least 1 SD deviation below premorbid estimates. Idiographic cognitive impairment shared a stronger inverse relationship with  perceived functional competence than normative cognitive impairment. Depressive  symptoms did not significantly correlate with both normative and idiographic  impairment. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In MDD, reliance on assessment of contemporary cognitive  functioning might underestimate rates of those who could be considered cognitively  impaired. Consideration of idiographic impairment may help explain gaps between  normatively defined cognitive ability with subjective complaints and disability in  MDD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0894-4105",
doi="10.1037/neu0000717",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/neu0000717"
}