@article{ref1,
title="Traumatic maxillofacial and brain injuries: a systematic review",
journal="International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery",
year="2020",
author="Goh, E. Z. and Johnson, N. R. and Beech, N.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="Concomitant traumatic brain injury (TBI) and maxillofacial fractures carry the risk of significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this review was to explore the  demographics, types of injury, and complications of traumatic maxillofacial and  brain injuries, in order to contribute to comprehensive health strategies. The  PubMed and Scopus databases were systematically searched. Inclusion criteria were  clinical studies investigating combined traumatic maxillofacial and brain injuries. Exclusion criteria were duplicates, non-English publications, non-full-text  publications, publication date before 1990, and studies with insufficient data. Of  the 754 articles identified, 15 eligible articles representing 1421 cases were  included. The mean age was 38.3 years. Most cases were male (79%). The most common  mechanism of injury was traffic accidents (53.4%). The most common fracture pattern  was middle third fractures (52.4%). Seven studies had an explicit definition for  TBI, using the Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), radiological evidence, and/or specific  symptoms. There were 147 complications reported in 62 of 253 cases (24.5%), with the  most common being infection (n=54, 36.7%). Significant risk factors for  complications included delayed surgical repair, low GCS, and upper third fractures. Robust longitudinal evaluations with clear definitions of TBI are required. Gaps in  knowledge include risk factors for complications and fracture pattern-GCS  correlations.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0901-5027",
doi="10.1016/j.ijom.2020.12.003",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2020.12.003"
}