@article{ref1,
title="Effects of precipitation type on crash relative risk estimates in Kansas",
journal="Accident analysis and prevention",
year="2020",
author="Tobin, Dana M. and Kumjian, Matthew R. and Black, Alan W.",
volume="151",
number="",
pages="e105946-e105946",
abstract="Crash relative risk estimates (CRREs) during rain, snow, sleet (i.e., ice pellets), and freezing rain are estimated using a matched-pair analysis in Kansas for the  years 1995-2014. Variable-length event periods are defined using both crash reports  and nearby Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) and Automated Weather Observing  System (AWOS) observations. Newly developed methods to extract precipitation-type  beginning and ending times within ASOS/AWOS observations provide the most accurate  account of precipitation type to compute CRREs. Crash relative risk is enhanced  during any precipitation type, while a hierarchy of risk based on precipitation type  is also evident. For property damage only crashes, CRREs during freezing rain are  significantly higher than snow, which in turn are significantly higher than rain. CRREs during sleet, though statistically significantly higher than rain, are not  statistically significantly different from snow or freezing rain. For casualty  (injury and/or fatality) crashes, CRREs during snow and freezing rain are  significantly higher than rain, but the increase in risk during sleet is not  statistically significantly higher than rain. These results are consistent with  expectations, but are quantified here for the first time. These hierarchies are  insensitive to the use of all crashes versus only those with crash-reported  precipitation or precipitation-induced roadway surface conditions to compute CRREs. The risk of a single-vehicle crash is higher than a multiple-vehicle crash during  snow, sleet, and freezing rain, whereas the opposite was found for rain. This  hierarchy is most prominent during weekdays before noon.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0001-4575",
doi="10.1016/j.aap.2020.105946",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105946"
}