@article{ref1,
title="Risk of COVID-19-related bullying, harassment and stigma among healthcare workers: an analytical cross-sectional global study",
journal="BMJ open",
year="2020",
author="Dye, Timothy D. and Alcantara, Lisette and Siddiqi, Shazia and Barbosu, Monica and Sharma, Saloni and Panko, Tiffany and Pressman, Eva",
volume="10",
number="12",
pages="e046620-e046620",
abstract="OBJECTIVES: Essential healthcare workers (HCW) uniquely serve as both COVID-19 healers and, potentially, as carriers of SARS-CoV-2. We assessed COVID-19-related  stigma and bullying against HCW controlling for social, psychological, medical and  community variables. <br><br>DESIGN: We nested an analytical cross-sectional study of  COVID-19-related stigma and bullying among HCW within a larger mixed-methods effort  assessing COVID-19-related lived experience and impact. Adjusted OR (aOR) and 95%  CIs evaluated the association between working in healthcare settings and experience  of COVID-19-related bullying and stigma, controlling for confounders. Thematic  qualitative analysis provided insight into lived experience of COVID-19-related  bullying. SETTING: We recruited potential participants in four languages (English,  Spanish, French, Italian) through Amazon Mechanical Turk's online workforce and  Facebook. PARTICIPANTS: Our sample included 7411 people from 173 countries who were  aged 18 years or over. <br><br>FINDINGS: HCW significantly experienced more COVID-19-related  bullying after controlling for the confounding effects of job-related, personal,  geographic and sociocultural variables (aOR: 1.5; 95% CI 1.2 to 2.0). HCW more  frequently believed that people gossip about others with COVID-19 (OR: 2.2; 95% CI  1.9 to 2.6) and that people with COVID-19 lose respect in the community (OR: 2.3;  95% CI 2.0 to 2.7), both which elevate bullying risk (OR: 2.7; 95% CI 2.3 to 3.2,  and OR: 3.5; 95% CI 2.9 to 4.2, respectively). The lived experience of  COVID-19-related bullying relates frequently to public identities as HCW traverse  through the community, intersecting with other domains (eg, police, racism,  violence). <br><br>INTERPRETATION: After controlling for a range of confounding factors, HCW  are significantly more likely to experience COVID-19-related stigma and bullying,  often in the intersectional context of racism, violence and police involvement in  community settings.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2044-6055",
doi="10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046620",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046620"
}