@article{ref1,
title="Surprise: unexpected action execution and unexpected inhibition recruit the same fronto-basal-ganglia network",
journal="Journal of neuroscience",
year="2020",
author="Sebastian, Alexandra and Konken, Anne Maria and Schaum, Michael and Lieb, Klaus and Tüscher, Oliver and Jung, Patrick",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="Unexpected and thus surprising events are omnipresent and oftentimes require adaptive behavior such as unexpected inhibition or unexpected action. The current  theory of unexpected events suggests that such unexpected events just like global  stopping recruit a fronto-basal-ganglia network. A global suppressive effect  impacting ongoing motor responses and cognition is specifically attributed to the  subthalamic nucleus (STN). Previous studies either used separate tasks or presented  unexpected, task-unrelated stimuli during response inhibition tasks to relate the  neural signature of unexpected events to that of stopping. Here we aimed to test  these predictions using a within task design with identical stimulus material for  both unexpected action and unexpected inhibition using functional magnetic resonance  imaging (fMRI) for the first time. To this end, 32 healthy human participants of  both sexes performed a cue-informed go/nogo task comprising expected and unexpected  action and inhibition trials during fMRI. Using conjunction, contrast and Bayesian  analyses we demonstrate that unexpected action elicited by an unexpected go signal  and unexpected inhibition elicited by an unexpected nogo signal recruited the same  fronto-basal-ganglia network which is usually assigned to stopping. Furthermore, the  stronger the unexpected action-related activity in the STN region was the more  detrimental was the effect on response times. The present results thus complement  earlier findings and provide direct evidence for the unified theory of unexpected  events while ruling out alternative task and novelty effects.SIGNIFICANCE  STATEMENTThis is the first study using functional magnetic resonance imaging to test  whether unexpected events irrespective of whether they require unexpected action or  inhibition recruit a fronto-basal-ganglia network just like stopping. In contrast to  previous studies we used identical stimulus material for both conditions within one  task. This enabled us to directly test predictions of the current theory of  unexpected events and, moreover, to test for condition-specific neural signatures. The present results underpin that both processes recruit the same neural network  while excluding alternative task and novelty effects. The simple task design thus  provides an avenue to studying surprise as a pure form of reactive inhibition in  neuropsychiatric patients displaying inhibitory deficits who often have a limited  testing capacity.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0270-6474",
doi="10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1681-20.2020",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1681-20.2020"
}