@article{ref1,
title="Is there such a thing as a hate crime paradigm? An integrative review of  bias-motivated violent victimization and offending, its effects and underlying  mechanisms",
journal="Trauma, violence, and abuse",
year="2020",
author="Díaz-Faes, Diego A. and Pereda, Noemí",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="Despite the growing number of bias-motivated violence studies, the evidence  available remains limited, and there are several gaps in our understanding of the  complex relationship between negative attitudes and biased violence. In addition,  the literature on this topic has many facets and nuances and is often contradictory,  so it is difficult to obtain a clear overall picture. Research has made good  progress in this area, but it still suffers from a lack of systematization and from  a highly segmented approach to victimization and offending. To contribute to a more  comprehensive understanding of the subject, this integrative narrative review  provides a critical reappraisal of the theoretical, methodological, and empirical  research from a systemic perspective. To this end, 134 academic publications on  personality and social psychology, clinical psychology, sociology, criminology, and  related disciplines were examined. The evidence suggests that although  bias-motivated violence shares characteristics with other types of offensive  behavior, it is actually a unique phenomenon due to its background rooted in  prejudice, identity, and attitudes in which the intersection of individual,  psychosocial, and ecological factors is especially relevant. The impact on the  victim and their community is diverse, but it has a series of distinctive severe  psychological consequences that significantly reduce the probability that incidents  will be reported. Here, we present a series of findings and reflections on  bias-motivated violence and provide recommendations for research, practice, and  policy.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1524-8380",
doi="10.1177/1524838020979694",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838020979694"
}