@article{ref1,
title="The interaction of the circadian and immune system: desynchrony as a pathological  outcome to traumatic brain injury",
journal="Neurobiology of sleep and circadian rhythms",
year="2020",
author="Yamakawa, G. R. and Brady, Rhys D. and Sun, M. and McDonald, S. J. and Shultz, S. R. and Mychasiuk, R.",
volume="9",
number="",
pages="e100058-e100058",
abstract="Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex and costly worldwide phenomenon that can  lead to many negative health outcomes including disrupted circadian function. There  is a bidirectional relationship between the immune system and the circadian system,  with mammalian coordination of physiological activities being controlled by the  primary circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the  hypothalamus. The SCN receives light information from the external environment and  in turn synchronizes rhythms throughout the brain and body. The SCN is capable of  endogenous self-sustained oscillatory activity through an intricate clock gene  negative feedback loop. Following TBI, the response of the immune system can become  prolonged and pathophysiological. This detrimental response not only occurs in the  brain, but also within the periphery, where a leaky blood brain barrier can permit  further infiltration of immune and inflammatory factors. The prolonged and  pathological immune response that follows TBI can have deleterious effects on clock  gene cycling and circadian function not only in the SCN, but also in other rhythmic  areas throughout the body. This could bring about a state of circadian desynchrony  where different rhythmic structures are no longer working together to promote  optimal physiological function. There are many parallels between the negative  symptomology associated with circadian desynchrony and TBI. This review discusses  the significant contributions of an immune-disrupted circadian system on the  negative symptomology following TBI. The implications of TBI symptomology as a  disorder of circadian desynchrony are discussed.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2451-9944",
doi="10.1016/j.nbscr.2020.100058",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbscr.2020.100058"
}