@article{ref1,
title="Multiple caffeine doses maintain vigilance, attention, complex motor sequence  expression, and manual dexterity during 77 hours of total sleep deprivation",
journal="Neurobiology of sleep and circadian rhythms",
year="2020",
author="Killgore, William D. S. and Kamimori, Gary H.",
volume="9",
number="",
pages="e100051-e100051",
abstract="Sleep deprivation (SD) and fatigue have detrimental effects on performance in  operational settings. Few studies have investigated the cumulative effects of SD and  fatigue on performance under heavy workload demands. Therefore, we investigated the  efficacy of multiple repeated doses of caffeine as a countermeasure to SD and  fatigue during 77 h total SD (TSD) during the early morning hours. Twenty-three  males and females, 18 - 35 years of age, who identified as moderate caffeine  consumers completed the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) 141 times during the  experimental test period. Caffeine was administered in a multi-dose paradigm over  three nights without sleep. Participants received either caffeine (200 mg) or  placebo at the beginning of each 2-h test block from 0100 - 0900 (800 mg total per  night). While PVT speed declined for both groups across all 3 nights, the caffeine  group consistently out-performed the placebo group. Caffeine maintained  attentiveness (1-5 s lapses) on night 1, but this advantage was lost on nights 2 and  3. Caffeine outperformed placebo for responsive lapses (5-9 s lapses) across all  three nights, but caffeine performance was still notably worse than at baseline. Prolonged non-responsive lapses (beyond 10 s) were only reduced by caffeine on night  2. Caffeine was more effective than placebo across all nights at sustaining  completion speed of a complex motor sequence task and a manual coordination task. Essentially, caffeine is an effective countermeasure for SD, as it mitigates  declines in speed and failures to respond, and sustains motor planning and  coordination. However, caffeine does not restore normal functioning during SD and  cannot be considered as a replacement for sleep.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2451-9944",
doi="10.1016/j.nbscr.2020.100051",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbscr.2020.100051"
}