@article{ref1,
title="A systematic review of drink specials, drink special laws, and alcohol-related  outcomes",
journal="Current epidemiology reports",
year="2020",
author="Puac-Polanco, Victor and Keyes, Katherine M. and Mauro, Pia M. and Branas, Charles C.",
volume="7",
number="4",
pages="300-314",
abstract="PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The adverse health and safety consequences of heavy alcohol  consumption are a leading problem around the world. While many risk factors have  been extensively studied and presented in comprehensive summaries, not all questions  regarding risk factors for problematic drinking behaviors have been answered and  presented in systematic reviews. As of March 2020, no review has summarized studies  assessing the role of promotional price practices at on-premises alcohol outlets,  known as drink specials. Also missing was systematic information of policies that  regulated these promotional practices. We aimed to synthesize the available research  evidence of the effects that drink specials and drink special laws have on different  alcohol-related outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS: Twelve studies examined the effect of  drink specials in seven countries between 1978 and 2018. Of these, 11 found a  consistent positive association between drink specials and increased alcohol  consumption, heavy drinking, and alcohol intoxication. Drink specials also increased  reports of driving under the influence, fighting, and unprotected sex. Drink  specials were also associated with expectations of higher consumption and modified  attitudes and behaviors towards favorable views of drink specials. Effect sizes  ranged from 1.80 to 4.43 increased odds for the examined alcohol-related outcomes. The only study examining the effects of a drink special law revealed mixed findings  between prohibiting happy hours and three alcohol-related outcomes. SUMMARY: Drink  specials were consistently associated with alcohol-related adverse outcomes, but  almost nothing is known about the effects of laws restricting drink specials.  Keywords: Ethanol impaired driving; Violence<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2196-2995",
doi="10.1007/s40471-020-00247-0",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40471-020-00247-0"
}