@article{ref1,
title="Psycho-emotional violence, its association, co-occurrence, and bidirectionality with cyber, physical and sexual violence",
journal="Journal of child and adolescent trauma",
year="2020",
author="Paat, Yok-Fong and Markham, Christine and Peskin, Melissa",
volume="13",
number="4",
pages="365-380",
abstract="Using data from a cross-sectional sample of seventh to twelfth graders who attended  northeastern schools between 2011 and 2012, we examined the associations between  psycho-emotional dating violence and cyber, physical, and sexual violence Overall,  we found that respondents experienced more than one type of dating violence  simultaneously, indicating the prevalence of co-occurrence in dating violence. Further, being a victim of psycho-emotional violence was associated with  perpetrating similar types of violence, suggesting the bidirectional nature of this  type of aggression. Among the covariates, we found that peer bullying, cyber  bullying, cell phone usage, the respondents' age, gender, and grades were risk  factors for psycho-emotional violence. The findings may be used to guide dating  violence intervention efforts and the development of school based and  family-oriented treatment plans.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1936-1521",
doi="10.1007/s40653-019-00283-z",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40653-019-00283-z"
}