@article{ref1,
title="Violence and hepatitis C transmission in prison-a modified social ecological model",
journal="PLoS one",
year="2020",
author="Sazzad, Hossain M. S. and McCredie, Luke and Treloar, Carla and Lloyd, Andrew R. and Lafferty, Lise",
volume="15",
number="12",
pages="e0243106-e0243106",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) among the prisoner population is  most frequently associated with sharing of non-sterile injecting equipment. Other  blood-to-blood contacts such as tattooing and physical violence are also common in  the prison environment, and have been associated with HCV transmission. The context  of such non-injecting risk behaviours, particularly violence, is poorly studied. The  modified social-ecological model (MSEM) was used to examine HCV transmission risk  and violence in the prison setting considering individual, network, community and  policy factors. <br><br>METHODS: The Australian Hepatitis C Incidence and Transmission Study  in prisons (HITS-p) cohort enrolled HCV uninfected prisoners with injecting and  non-injecting risk behaviours, who were followed up for HCV infection from  2004-2014. Qualitative interviews were conducted within 23 participants; of whom 13  had become HCV infected. Deductive analysis was undertaken to identify violence as  risk within prisons among individual, network, community, and public policy levels. <br><br>RESULTS: The risk context for violence and HCV exposure varied across the MSEM. At  the individual level, participants were concerned about blood contact during fights,  given limited scope to use gloves to prevent blood contamination. At the network  level, drug debt and informing on others to correctional authorities, were risk  factors for violence and potential HCV transmission. At the community level, racial  influence, social groupings, and socially maligned crimes like sexual assault of  children were identified as possible triggers for violence. At the policy level,  rules and regulations by prison authority influenced the concerns and occurrence of  violence and potential HCV transmission. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Contextual concerns regarding  violence and HCV transmission were evident at each level of the MSEM. Further  evidence-based interventions targeted across the MSEM may reduce prison violence,  provide opportunities for HCV prevention when violence occurs and subsequent HCV  exposure.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1932-6203",
doi="10.1371/journal.pone.0243106",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243106"
}