@article{ref1,
title="Identifying risk factors and detection strategies for adolescent depression in diverse global settings: a Delphi consensus study",
journal="Journal of affective disorders",
year="2020",
author="Wahid, Syed Shabab and Ottman, Katherine and Hudhud, Raya and Gautam, Kamal and Fisher, Helen L. and Kieling, Christian and Mondelli, Valeria and Kohrt, Brandon A.",
volume="279",
number="",
pages="66-74",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Adolescence represents a vulnerable period for the onset of depression. Globally, there is a need to better understand risk factors for adolescent depression to inform policies for effective prevention initiatives.   METHODS: A Delphi consensus study was conducted on risk factors, early signs, and detection strategies for adolescent depression in global settings. Over 3 survey rounds, global experts formulated and ranked these variables for (1) specificity for adolescent depression and (2) feasibility of measurement (round 1, n=21 participants; rounds 2 and 3, n=17). We calculated Smith's salience index as a measure of consensus. Interviews were conducted with 10 participants to elicit qualitative reflections on the ranking results, and on the influence of cultural and contextual factors on depression risks.   RESULTS: Thirty-one risk factors for adolescent depression were generated. Panelists ranked three as highly specific and highly feasible to measure: family history of depression, exposure to bullying, and a negative family environment. Six were ranked as modestly specific and highly feasible: physical illness or disability, female sex, bereavement, trauma exposure, substance abuse, and low self-esteem. An additional 5 items were modestly specific and modestly feasible: social difficulties, academic stress, poverty, loss of family, and cognitive distortions. Five symptoms were at least modestly specific and feasible to measure: mood changes, loss of interest, social isolation, suicidality, and sleep changes. Schools were considered the most feasible place for screening.   LIMITATIONS: The participants were not representative of all countries and cultural regions.   CONCLUSIONS: This study offers a profile of risk factors developed and prioritized by experts to inform a research agenda for risk, identification and prevention of adolescent depression across global settings.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0165-0327",
doi="10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.098",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.098"
}