@article{ref1,
title="Considering violence against police by citizen race/ethnicity to contextualize representation in officer-involved shootings",
journal="Journal of criminal justice",
year="2020",
author="Shjarback, John A. and Nix, Justin",
volume="66",
number="",
pages="e101653-e101653",
abstract="PURPOSE The current study examined racial/ethnic disparities in officer-involved shootings, employing violence directed toward police by race/ethnicity as a benchmark for comparison.   Methods Odds ratios comparing white and African-American as well as white and Hispanic differences were calculated using three separate datasets: The Washington Post's counts of fatal officer-involved shootings, fatal and injurious officer-involved shootings in Texas, and all firearm discharges by officers in California.   Results African-Americans were not more likely than whites to be fatally shot nationally or shot and injured/killed by police in Texas based on the benchmarks used. However, African-Americans were more likely than whites to be shot at by California police.   Conclusions Racial/ethnic overrepresentation (or the lack thereof) in officer-involved shootings appears to be a function of the specific benchmark for comparison as well as the outcome being examined. Studies focusing exclusively on fatalities represent an incomplete and non-random sample of all officer-involved shooting incidents. Data limitations may omit factors, such as place or departmental policies, that are cofounding the relationship between race/ethnicity and fatal police-citizen violence.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0047-2352",
doi="10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2019.101653",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2019.101653"
}