@article{ref1,
title="Measurement of bystander actions in violence intervention evaluation: opportunities and challenges",
journal="Current epidemiology reports",
year="2019",
author="Bush, Heather M. and Bell, Samuel C. and Coker, Ann L.",
volume="6",
number="2",
pages="208-214",
abstract="PURPOSE of review: This review discusses design and methodological challenges specific to measuring bystander actions in the evaluation of bystander-based violence prevention programming. &quot;Bystanders&quot; are defined as people who are present immediately before, during and/or after a violent event, but are not a perpetrator nor the intended victim. Bystander-based violence prevention programs seek to prevent or mitigate violent events by empowering bystanders to intervene on acts of violence and social norms that promulgate violence.   Recent findings: Effective bystander-based violence prevention programs demonstrate increased bystander intentions, actions, and attitudes [Bringing in the Bystander;12 iSCREAM;33; The Men's Project;20 and Green Dot,3] lowered violence acceptance scores19,21,22,23,36 and reduced sexual violence perpetration and victimization.3••,6,20 However, bystander-based violence prevention programs are methodologically challenging to evaluate, due to the wide diversity of programs being implemented and the multifactorial and contextual nature of acts of violence.    Summary: Measures of bystander actions temporally-connected to specific, high-risk opportunities are recommended approaches to capture bystander experiences and address the methodological challenges in measuring bystander actions and evaluating violence prevention programming.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2196-2995",
doi="10.1007/s40471-019-00196-3",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40471-019-00196-3"
}