@article{ref1,
title="Neurobehavioral symptoms by gender and experience of nightmares after traumatic brain injury",
journal="Rehabilitation psychology",
year="2020",
author="Nabasny, Andrew and Myrga, John M. and Juengst, Shannon B.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to assess how neurobehavioral symptoms following traumatic brain injury (TBI) may differ based on gender and the experience of nightmares. Research Method/Design: This cross-sectional study of community-dwelling adults ≥ 3 months post-TBI (<i>n</i> = 110) assessed differences in neurobehavioral symptoms between women (<i>n</i> = 41) and men (<i>n</i> = 69) by experience of nightmares. Outcome measures included the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, and Behavioral Assessment Screening Tool subscales for negative affect, substance abuse, executive functioning, fatigue, impulsivity, and maladaptive coping. <br><br>RESULTS: <i>N</i> = 22 participants (<i>n</i> = 7 women, <i>n</i> = 15 men) experienced nightmares at least &quot;sometimes&quot; over the past 2 weeks. Nightmares were associated with more substance abuse, negative affect, fatigue, maladaptive coping, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms (<i>p</i>s <.02). Women reported more negative affect, maladaptive coping, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms (<i>p</i>s <.05) than men. Men experiencing nightmares reported more substance use than men without nightmares (<i>p</i> =.036), a difference not seen in women (<i>p</i> =.233). Women experiencing nightmares reported more impulsivity than women without nightmares (<i>p</i> =.028), a difference not seen in men (<i>p</i> =.559). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS: Nightmares, post-TBI, are associated with more neurobehavioral symptoms. However, symptom patterns associated with nightmares may differ by gender. Nightmares may be a symptom of, or contribute to, sleep disruptions post-TBI or may indicate other conditions, like posttraumatic stress disorder. Future research should examine gender differences in neurobehavioral symptoms post-TBI in the context of nightmares and/or sleep disorders. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0090-5550",
doi="10.1037/rep0000320",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/rep0000320"
}