@article{ref1,
title="Persistent post-traumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic brain injury: deep phenotyping and treatment patterns",
journal="Cephalalgia",
year="2020",
author="Ashina, Håkan and Iljazi, Afrim and Al-Khazali, Haidar Muhsen and Ashina, Sait and Jensen, Rigmor Højland and Amin, Faisal Mohammad and Ashina, Messoud and Winther Schytz, Henrik",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To investigate clinical characteristics and treatment patterns in persistent post-traumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic brain injury. <br><br>METHODS: A total of 100 individuals with persistent post-traumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic brain injury were enrolled between July 2018 and June 2019. Deep phenotyping was performed using a semi-structured interview while allodynia was assessed using the 12-item Allodynia Symptom Checklist. <br><br>RESULTS: In 100 subjects with persistent post-traumatic headache, the mean headache frequency was 25.4 ± 7.1 days per month. The most common headache phenotype was chronic migraine-like headache (n = 61) followed by combined episodic migraine-like and tension-type-like headache (n = 29) while nine subjects reported &quot;pure&quot; chronic tension-type-like headache. The most frequent trigger factors were stress, lack of sleep, and bright lights. A history of preventive medication use was reported by 63 subjects, of which 79% reported failure of at least one preventive drug, while 19% reported failure of at least four preventive drugs. Cutaneous allodynia was absent in 54% of the subjects, mild in 23%, moderate in 17%, and severe in 6%. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The headache profile of individuals with persistent post-traumatic headache most often resembled a chronic migraine-like phenotype or a combined episodic migraine-like and tension-type-like headache phenotype. Migraine-specific preventive medications were largely reported to be ineffective. Therefore, there is a pressing need for pathophysiological insights and disease-specific therapies.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0333-1024",
doi="10.1177/0333102420909865",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102420909865"
}