@article{ref1,
title="Sex differences in symptom presentation and functional outcomes: a pilot study in a matched sample of veterans with mild TBI",
journal="Brain injury",
year="2020",
author="Gray, Max and Adamson, Maheen M. and Thompson, Ryan C. and Kapphahn, Kristopher I. and Han, Summer and Chung, Joyce S. and Harris, Odette A.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="<b>Primary Objective</b>: Research focused on mild traumatic brain injury in active military and veteran populations details the psychological, neurological and functional outcomes of mTBI, in a primarily male (~95%) cohort. This may misrepresent female symptoms and outcomes. Here we assess for genuine sex differences in symptom presentation and functional outcomes.<b>Research Design</b>: We used matched pairs to preclude potential sex bias in outcome data.<b>Methods and Procedures</b>: We matched 49 female/male pairs on; 1) mechanism of injury, 2) time from injury to assessment and 3) age at assessment. Statistics were t-tests, chi-square, correlations and post hoc linear regression.<b>Main outcomes and results</b>: Outcome assessment revealed four significant (<i>p</i> < .05) sex differences; Living situation, Marital status, Vocation and Branch of service. Only the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) composite cognitive domain factor was significantly different between females (mean: 10.26) and males (mean: 7.58). Linear regression confirmed a significant effect of sex for the cognitive composite (<i>p</i> = .002).<b>Conclusion</b>: We conclude that sex has a moderate effect on mTBI post-concussive symptom presentation. The significant sex difference in the NSI cognitive domain characterizes sex-related symptomology profiles providers can focus on for better rehabilitation management. Replication in the larger cohort would improve generalizability.<b>Abbreviation:</b> TBI: Traumatic Brain Injuries; mTBI: mild Traumatic Brain Injuries; OIF: Operation Iraqi Freedom; OEF: Operation Enduring Freedom; VA: Veterans Affairs Health Care System; PSC: Polytrauma System of Care; PRC: Polytrauma Rehabilitation Center; PTRP: Polytrauma Transitional Rehabilitation Program; PNS: Polytrauma Network Site; PTSD: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder; DoD: Department of Defense; NSI: Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory; LOC: loss of consciousness; AOC: alteration of consciousness; PTA: posttraumatic amnesia; CPRS: computerized patient record system; CTBIE: Comprehensive TBI Evaluation; OCD: obsessive compulsive disorder; ETOH: alcohol abuse.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0269-9052",
doi="10.1080/02699052.2020.1725979",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2020.1725979"
}