@article{ref1,
title="Components evaluation of a web-based personalised normative feedback intervention for alcohol use among college students: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial with a dismantling design",
journal="Addiction",
year="2019",
author="Bedendo, A. and Mccambridge, J. and Gaume, J. and Souza, A. A. L. and Souza-Formigoni, M. L. O. and Noto, A. R.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="AIMS: To evaluate the effects of the two main components of a Personalised Normative Feedback (PNF) (Normative feedback only -NFO; and Consequences feedback only - CFO) compared with the full intervention (PNF) in reducing alcohol use and consequences. <br><br>DESIGN: Three-arm pragmatic randomised controlled trial with dismantling design and 1-, 3-, and 6-months follow-ups. SETTING: Web-based among Brazilian college students. PARTICIPANTS: College students (18-30 years old) who reported alcohol use in the last three months (N=5,476). INTERVENTIONS: 1) full PNF - a) drinking profile; b) normative comparisons; c) practical costs; d) alcohol consequences; e) strategies to decrease risks; 2) NFO - components a, b, and e; or 3) CFO - components c, d, and e. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was change in AUDIT score; secondary outcomes were the number of alcohol consequences, drinking frequency, and typical/maximum number of drinks. We used Mixed Models with Multiple Imputation and Pattern-Mixture Model to account for attrition. Subgroup analyses considered participant motivation to know more about their drinking (less motivated vs motivated). <br><br>FINDINGS: Dismantled components reduced rather than increased AUDIT score compared to full PNF, with significant effects for NFO at 1 month (b=-0.23 95%CI: -0.46;-0.002) and for CFO at 3-months (b=-0.33 95%CI:-0.62;-0.03). Compared with PNF, NFO reduced the number of alcohol consequences at 1 month (b=-0.16 95%CI:-0.25;-0.06) and drinking frequency at 3 months (b=-0.42 95%CI:-0.79;-0.05), but increased the number of typical drinks at 6 months (b= 0.38, 95%CI:0.04;0.72). CFO reduced drinking frequency at 3 months (b=-0.37 95%CI:-0.73;-0.01). Attrition models confirmed all results, except for the NFO effect on typical drinks and drinking frequency. Subgroup analyses indicated superiority of dismantled components among the students less motivated in knowing more about their drinking. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence that either the normative or the consequences components of a web-based Personalised Normative Feedback (PNF) intervention to reduce alcohol use and its consequences contributed to intervention effects. There was some evidence of adverse effects of PNF, and these results were driven by 20% of participants who were less motivated in knowing more about their drinking.<br><br>This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0965-2140",
doi="10.1111/add.14923",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14923"
}